Influence of cooling rate on zirconia/veneer interfacial adhesion

Slow cooling firing schedules have recently been introduced by some manufacturers to reduce chipping complications in zirconia-based core/veneer composites. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that these firing schedules may influence the bond strength between the zirconia core and veneering ceramic. Four different veneering ceramics recommended for zirconia (Lava Ceram, Triceram, VM9 and Zirox) were fired onto rectangular shaped Y-TZP specimens (Lava Frame) and cooled using a rapid or a slow cooling rate. The resulting bilayer specimens were notched, loaded in a four-point bending test and load–displacement curves were recorded. The critical load to induce stable crack extension at the core/veneer interface was determined, in order to calculate the strain energy release rate (G, J m−2). Additionally, dilatometric measurements of the veneering ceramics were performed to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion (α, ppm. K−1) between 50 and 450 °C (α1) and in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (α2). Discrepancies between α2 and α1 (Δα) were calculated. For all core/veneer compositions G values were lower for the slowly cooled specimens than for the rapidly cooled specimens. Significant differences with respect to the firing schedule were found in the Triceram and VM9 groups (P < 0.05). The reductions in G values correlated with Δα. The bond strength between the zirconia core and the veneer decreased with the slow cooling rate. These results indicate that slow cooling of zirconia restorations may increase the risk of adhesive delamination failures between the core and veneer.