Evaluation of the ultrasonication process for injectability of hydraulic calcium phosphate pastes

This study examined the use of ultrasonication to improve the injectability of an aqueous calcium phosphate paste. Ultrasonication was applied to the paste through the plunger of the delivery syringe. A factorial design of experiments with three investigated factors, liquid to powder ratio (LPR) (38%, 39% and 40%), the size of the delivery syringe (5 and 10 ml) and the amplitude of the 20 kHz power ultrasonication (0–30 μm), was used in this study. The volume fraction of the extruded paste was used to quantify injectability. Small injectability improvements were observed with an increase in LPR and decrease in syringe size, which is consistent with previously published results. The improvements due to ultrasonication were significant and remarkable. For example, when using the 5 ml syringe the injected volume fraction of the 38% LPR paste improved from 63.4 ± 2.3% without ultrasonication to 97.3 ± 2.4% with 30%. This result shows that ultrasonication is an effective solution to improve injectability.