Electrospun cellular microenvironments: Understanding controlled release and scaffold structure

Electrospinning is a versatile technique in tissue engineering for the production of scaffolds. To guide tissue development, scaffolds must provide specific biochemical, structural and mechanical cues to cells and deliver them in a controlled fashion over time. Electrospun scaffold design thus includes aspects of both controlled release and structural cues. Controlled multicomponent and multiphasic drug delivery can be achieved by the careful application and combination of novel electrospinning techniques, i.e., emulsion and co-axial electrospinning. Drug distribution and polymer properties influence the resulting release kinetics. Pore size is far more relevant as a structural parameter than previously recognized. It enables cell proliferation and ingrowth, whereas fiber diameter predominantly influences cell fate. Both parameters can be exploited by combining multiple fiber types in the form of multifiber and multilayer scaffolds. Such scaffolds are required to reproduce more complex tissue structures.