Growth kinetic and characterization of tetrapod ZnO nanostructures

Tetrapod ZnO nanostructures ( T -ZnO) were synthesized by an oxidation reaction technique by heating the mixture of zinc powder and hydrogen peroxide solution at 1000 ∘C under normal atmospheric pressure. The cross-sectional size which was determined at the middle of the legs and the length of T -ZnO is about 200–1000 nm and 1–5 μm, respectively. XRD, EDS and TEM results confirmed that T -ZnO is a hexagonal structure and has a growth direction along [0001] direction. A growth model of T -ZnO by anisotropic growth via a vapor–solid mechanism with 3D tetrahedral nucleus as a seed was proposed. The 3D tetrahedral nuclei form by accumulation and then, condensation of ZnO vapor due to a supersaturation condition. These 3D nuclei first grow along the c -axis in four variants of tetrahedral axes due to symmetrical structure before finally forming the four-leg structure of T -ZnO. Evidence to confirm this growth model were the kinked Y-shape, X-shape, and H-shape of the projected images of grain boundaries observed by TEM. This growth model could be generalized to explain other materials having a similar hexagonal structure such as GaN.