A comparative study of finite nucleus models for low-lying states of few-electron high-Z atoms

We studied low-lying states of lithium-like and beryllium-like ions with Z=80 and 100≤Z≤120 for differential effects due to variation of the nuclear charge density distribution. The latter was represented by exponential, Gauss-type, and Fermi-type models, standardized to a common rms radius. Numerical Hartree–Fock and Dirac–Fock–Coulomb calculations were performed. Changes in total energies due to the use of different models become increasingly important for high Z in relativistic approaches. Different models may even lead to different sequences of atomic states, and thus energy differences between those states may vary by an order of magnitude.