Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation by natural colorants

Natural colorants such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, curcuminoids and chlorophylls have been widely used in the food processing industry and in beverages. Most of these colorants constitute part of human dietary components and are considered to be harmless and non-toxic. As a part of the study of natural products to identify non-toxic cancer chemopreventive agents, we have investigated several natural colorant extracts from vegetables and fruits of daily human consumption for their cancer chemopreventive action using the short-term in vitro assay which involves inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation (EBV-EA) induced by phorbol esters. Our study has identified several plant extracts that show profound activity in the EBA assay.