Interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, β2-microglobulin, and transforming growth factor-α in gingival crevicular fluid from human periodontal disease

Inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and may be used as markers in diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the various growth factors, apoptosis-related modifiers [soluble form of Fas (sFas) and bcl-2] and cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with different severities of periodontitis as compared with those of controls. GCF samples were taken from patients with periodontal disease and from controls. The concentrations of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and apoptosis-related modifiers sFas and bcl-2 in the samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TGF-α was significantly lower in patients with periodontal disease than in the controls. In contrast, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and β2-MG were significantly higher in the group with severe periodontal disease than in the controls. The amount of total protein in the GCF was considerably higher in the disease group than the controls (p<0.05). TGF-α, IL-1β, and β2-MG concentrations were associated (Spearman rank correlation, r<0.05 for all) with clinical measures of disease severity (pocket depth) and inflammation (bleeding when probed). Apoptosis-related modifiers (sFas and bcl-2) could not be detected in any samples. These results suggest that the growth factor TGF-α and certain cytokines are associated with the presence of periodontal disease.