Changes in anodized titanium surface morphology by virtue of different unipolar DC pulse waveform

Various unipolar DC pulse waveforms were selected to find the factors for controlling of the anodized titanium surface morphology. The current density, frequency and duty were ranged from 50 mA/cm2 to 750 mA/cm2, from 100 Hz to 400 Hz and from 10% to 50%, respectively. Increase of duty from 10% to 50% at 100 Hz in 0.1 M KOH provides larger pores — from 0.13 μm to 0.19 μm in average for 50 mA/cm2 and 0.15 μm to 0.24 μm for 750 mA/cm2. On the other hand increase of frequency from 100 Hz to 400 Hz at 50% duty provides smaller pores — from 0.19 μm to 0.17 μm for 50 mA/cm2 and 0.24 μm to 0.17 μm for 750 mA/cm2. Both duty and frequency are important factors to control the anodized titanium surface morphology.