Role of complexing ligands in trivalent chromium electrodeposition

In this study, the Cr(III)-formate, Cr(III)-oxalate and Cr(III)-glycine electrolytes are used as sources for electrodepositing the Cr coatings. The deposition rate and brightness range of the electroplating process in these electrolytes are investigated. The geometric structures of the Cr complex ions are optimized, using density functional theory with General Gradient Approximation/Perdew-Wang 91 (GGA/PW91) calculation. It is found that the deposition rate and brightness range significantly depend on the geometric structure of the Cr(III)-ligand complex ions. The expansion of the distance between Cr and H2O induced by the introduced complexing ligand is a necessary condition for the electrochemical reduction of Cr(III) to metal Cr. The dehydration rate of Cr(III)-ligand complex ions determines the electroplating characteristics of electrolytes.