Targeted radio-nuclide therapy of skeletal metastases

In this review, we will focus on one particular class of stromal targeted therapy, i.e. the bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals (BSRs), but will also highlight selected issues related to the bone stroma as these concepts are new, rapidly evolving, and clearly linked to the underlying BSR mechanisms of targeting and action. Herein we review clinical BSR-trials of significance with randomized trials at center stage. Furthermore, we cover a new class of BSR in late clinical development based on bone-stromal targeted alpha-particle irradiation. Lastly, we discuss potential advances in combining BSR with bisphosphonates and/or chemotherapy and emphasize the feasibility of repeated dosing.