A Cell-Based Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Coated with Anti-CD3 and CD28 Antibodies Enables Rapid Expansion and Long-Term Growth of CD4 T Lymphocytes

We compared the ability of two genetically modified myeloid cells, K562 and U937, to serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC). Both aAPC were stably transfected with the low-affinity Fcγ receptor CD32 (K32/U32 cells). K32 cells loaded with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Ab (K32/CD3/28) induced more rapid CD4 T-cell expansion than CD3/28-coated beads. In contrast, U32/CD3/28 induced high levels of CD4 T-cell thymidine uptake but were unable to sustain long-term T-cell expansion. K32 cells, but not U32 cells, loaded with anti-CD3 alone also stimulated CD4 T-cell growth and IL-2 secretion, indicating the expression of additional costimulatory molecules on K32 cells. We found constitutive expression of B7-H3 and a strong upregulation of mRNA encoding for IL-15, PD-L1, and PD-L2 after coculture with CD4 T cells activated by K32/CD3/28 but not U32/CD3/28. We conclude that K32 aAPCs are a robust system for clinical scale ex vivo expansion of CD4 T cells.