Activity and behavior of imidazolium salts as a phase transfer catalyst for a liquid–liquid phase system

The structure–activity relationship and behavior of N,N′-dialkylimidazolium salts as a phase transfer and/or ion-exchange catalyst in a liquid–liquid phase system were investigated for the reactions such as β-elimination reaction of alkyl halides, nucleophilic epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, alkylation of active methylenes, and nucleophilic substitution reaction.