Expansion of CD56− NK cells in chronic HCV/HIV-1 co-infection: Reversion by antiviral treatment with pegylated IFNα and ribavirin

Co-infection with HCV and HIV-1 is a problem of increasing importance and the role of innate cellular immunity in this co-infection is incompletely understood. Here, we have observed sharply elevated numbers of CD56−CD16+ perforinlow NK cells in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. Interestingly, this expansion of unconventional CD56− NK cells rapidly reverted when HCV was suppressed by IFNα and ribavirin treatment, and was not seen in mono-infected control groups. In vitro experiments suggested that this effect of treatment was due to suppression of HCV viremia rather than a direct effect of IFNα on these cells. In contrast, the conventional CD56+ NK cells were largely unchanged in subjects with high HCV loads, although they exhibited slightly decreased perforin expression. With delayed kinetics, the CD56bright immuno-regulatory NK cell subset temporarily increased to supranormal levels in response to HCV treatment. In contrast to the NK compartment, the CD1d-restricted NKT cells were severely reduced by the co-infection and not restored by treatment. Together, our data suggest that the high HCV loads in HCV/HIV-1 co-infection alter the NK cell compartment in a way not observed in HCV mono-infection.