Comparative study of large-scale hydrogen storage technologies: Is hydrate-based storage at advantage over existing technologies?

Different technologies possibly applicable for large-scale hydrogen storage in urban or industrial-complex areas have been comparatively evaluated, focusing on the facility-construction costs, the utility expense, and the ground area required for the facility for each technology. The specific technologies examined in this study are the storage in the form of compressed or liquefied gas, the storage using a metal hydride, and the storage using a clathrate hydrate. The common requirements for these technologies are the function of loading or unloading hydrogen gas at a rate up to 3000 Nm3/h and also the storage capacity of 6.48 × 106 Nm3 that enables continuous 90-day loading or unloading at the rate of 3000 Nm3/h. The storage using a clathrate hydrate is found to require the minimum ground area and, if the cool energy necessary for hydrate production is available from adjacent LNG facilities, the minimum annual depreciation + utility expense.