Supercritical water gasification of biomass for hydrogen production

Hydrogen from waste biomass is considered to be a clean gaseous fuel and efficient for heat and power generation due to its high energy content. Supercritical water gasification is found promising in hydrogen production by avoiding biomass drying and allowing maximum conversion. Waste biomass contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; hence it is essential to understand their degradation mechanisms to engineer hydrogen production in high-pressure systems. Process conditions higher than 374 °C and 22.1 MPa are required for biomass conversion to gases. Reaction temperature, pressure, feed concentration, residence time and catalyst have prominent roles in gasification. This review focuses on the degradation routes of biomass model compounds such as cellulose and lignin at near and supercritical conditions. Some homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts leading to water–gas shift, methanation and other sub-reactions during supercritical water gasification are highlighted. The parametric impacts along with some reactor configurations for maximum hydrogen production and technical challenges encountered during hydrothermal gasification processes are also discussed.