Diphosphate formation using cyanuric chloride or triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride as the activating agents

By using cyanuric chloride or 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TIPSCl) as the condensing agent and magnesium bromide as the promoter, the phosphate cross-coupling reactions are effectively carried out to give lipid–saccharide and pyrrolidine–guanosine diphosphates. Under optimized conditions, the TIPSCl-facilitated cross-coupling reactions complete in a short reaction time (∼5 h) without the complication of possible self-coupling reactions.