Evidence-based culling of a facultative predator: Efficacy and efficiency components

Human activities have greatly modified predator–prey dynamics within seabird communities by favouring a rapid increase in density of large predatory gulls. To counteract such a subsidized growth, conservation agencies perform massive random culling programs, which generally fail to restore the original predator–prey relationship. We used long-term individual-based information to evaluate the effects of a selective culling of a top seabird predator, the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), on the predatory pressure, survival and reproductive success probabilities of a secondary prey, the vulnerable European storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus). The selective removal of only 16 gulls in 3 years led to a reduction of ca. 65% in the number of petrels killed, and to a relative increase in their survival and breeding success probabilities of 16% and 23%, respectively. Our results show that only a few specialised predators were responsible for the bulk of the impact on a secondary prey and that the removal of those specialised individuals was an effective and efficient way to improve prey demographic parameters.