Effects of melatonin and undernutrition on the viability of ovine embryos during anestrus and the breeding season

This study examined the effects of melatonin and level of nutrition on embryo yield during anestrous and breeding season. Adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes were assigned randomly to one of the four treatment groups in two experiments using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Individuals were treated (+MEL) or not treated (−MEL) with a subcutaneous implant of melatonin for 42 d (Melovine®, CEVA) and fed 1.5 (control, C) or 0.5 (low, L) times the daily maintenance requirements for 20 d. Ewes were mated at oestrus (Day = 0) and embryos were recovered on Day 5. Level of nutrition and melatonin supplements did not have a significant effect on ovulation rate or the number of recovered ova per ewe in the Reproductive Season (RS) and the Anestrous Season (AS). During the RS, undernutrition reduced the number of viable embryos per ewe (C: 1.1 ± 0.2; L: 0.6 ± 0.2; P < 0.05); however, the number of viable embryos per ewe in the L+MEL group (0.2 ± 0.15) was significantly lower than it was in the L, C+MEL and C groups (0.9 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively; P < 0.05). In the AS, nutrition did not have a significant effect on the number of viable embryos per ewe, although melatonin supplements might have improved rates slightly. Embryo viability rate (% viable embryos/embryos recovered) was unaffected by melatonin supplements or level of nutrition in the RS and the AS. Season had a strong effect on the number of viable embryos per functional corpus luteum among ewes in the L+MEL group, only (RS: 0.2 ± 0.1; AS: 0.6 ± 0.2; P < 0.05). In conclusion, undernutrition impaired the viability of sheep embryos in the RS, particularly among ewes that were given melatonin supplements subcutaneously, but melatonin appeared to improve embryo quality in the AS, which suggests that the mechanisms involved in the interactive effects of melatonin and nutrition on embryo development are influenced by season.