Sequential nitrification–denitrification process for nitrogenous, sulfurous and phenolic compounds removal in the same bioreactor

The kinetic and metabolic behavior of an aerobic granular sludge to nitrify, denitrify and nitrify–denitrify was evaluated in batch cultures. In nitrification control, ammonium, 4-methylphenol and sulfide were consumed efficiently (∼100%) and recovered as NO 3 - , CO2, S0 and SO 4 2 - , respectively. In denitrification control, S0 and nitrate were efficiently consumed and recovered as SO 4 2 - and N2, respectively. Sequential nitrification–denitrification process was evaluated by applying oxic/anoxic conditions. Ammonium, 4-methylphenol and sulfide were oxidized to nitrate, CO2 and mainly S0, respectively, under aerobic conditions. After that, anoxic conditions were established where S0 reduced all nitrate to N2, with molecular nitrogen yield (YN2) of 1.03 ± 0.06 mg/mg NH 4 + –N consumed. This is the first study to show the capability of an aerobic granular sludge in simultaneous removal of ammonium, 4-methylphenol and sulfide by sequential nitrification–denitrification process in the same bioreactor.