Structural and morphological features of crystalline nanotitania synthesized in different aqueous media

Crystalline structure of nanotitania (anatase, rutile) and the morphology of primary and secondary particles can be regulated using low-amount additions of Na2SO4 (or K3PO4), NaOH or Н2О2. Anions SO42− and PO43− can bind to Ti-containing species that lead to the formation of anatase nanocrystallites with sulfate and phosphate functionalities. According to TEM images, nanoparticles (rod-like, spherical or ellipsoidal) form different secondary structures (sheaf-like associates forming flower-shaped aggregates or spherical associates) possessing different textural porosity analyzed using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Additives form surface structures, which can affect particle–particle interactions in the liquid media.