Phenanthrene removal in unsaturated soils treated by electrokinetics with different surfactants—Triton X-100 and rhamnolipid

In this study, the remediation performance of electrokinetic (EK) technology integrated with different surfactants for removing phenanthrene from unsaturated soils was investigated. A synthetic surfactant (Triton X-100) and a biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) were used to enhance phenanthrene solubility and removal efficiency during EK process. Results indicate that the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) rate in the rhamnolipid system is higher than that in Triton X-100. Using the EK technology for the removal of phenanthrene in the presence of rhamnolipid was more efficient than in the presence of Triton X-100. In addition to the transport mechanism of phenanthrene in EK system, the presence of rhamnolipid may promote microbial growth in the soil–water system and bring about biodegradation of phenanthrene. A diffusion–advection–sorption (DAS) model was solved by MATLAB, based on the linear sorption isotherm at the non-equilibrium condition, which is feasible to simulate the movement of phenanthrene during the EK + Triton X-100 treatment.