When do firms invest in offensive and/or defensive marketing?

Market conditions may lead firms to increase offensive marketing activities aimed at attracting new customers, and/or to enhance defensive relationship building intended to retain current customers. Characteristics of the marketing environment are examined, including firmsʹ interest in technology adoption and perceived need to apply it to provide structure for the supply chain, product development, quality control, and social impact. Such indicators relate to the firmʹs perception of “competitive intensity” in the marketplace. Survey results from 196 manufacturing companies show that technology adoption propensity and competitive intensity are associated with greater investments in offensive marketing activities as well as customer and employee engagement.