EMS and sustainability: experiences with ISO 14001 and Eco-Lighthouse in Norwegian metal processing SMEs

The aim of the presented study is to extend current knowledge on manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprisesʹ (SMEs) experiences with the implementation of the alternative environmental management system (EMS) Eco-Lighthouse, and to compare this with that of ISO 14001 adoption. The study seeks a deeper understanding of the drivers, challenges and outcomes that are related to the implementation of EMS models through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with nine Norwegian manufacturing SMEs that are ISO 14001 or Eco-Lighthouse certified. The findings indicate that market benefits and cost reduction are the key drivers for the Eco-lighthouse, while customer pressure and improved environmental routines pull ISO 14001 certification. A higher level of customer pressure for EMS favours ISO 14001 adoption over Eco-Lighthouse adoption. While Eco-Lighthouse certification is challenged by a low realisation of market benefits, the challenges that relate to employee buy-in, competence and time are more prominent for ISO 14001 adoption. While similar sustainability practices were identified within all of the studied companies, the ISO 14001 certified companies were more systematic and formal in their identification and management of environmental improvements.