Carotenoids and triacylglycerols interactions during thermal oxidation of refined olive oil

Carotenoids (β-carotene and astaxanthin) were added to refined olive oils and oxidised in a Rancimat at 110 °C for 1–14 h. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found to oxidise much faster in the presence of β-carotene and slower in the presence of astaxanthin, while β-carotene degradation was much faster than that of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin was found to protect the TAGs of olive oils for up to 10 h of thermal treatment. Both carotenoids were found to significantly increase peroxide values at higher exposure time. A total of 11 TAGs oxidised species were identified, including a new class of oxidised species (hydroxy epidioxides), reported here for the first time. The effect of carotenoids on the formation of oxidised TAGs illustrates that the pro-oxidant action of β-carotene was much stronger than that of astaxanthin. We suggest that astaxanthin could be used as an alternative to β-carotene in edible oils fortification and as a food colourant.