Characterisation of the hydrolytic specificity of Aspergillus niger derived prolyl endoproteinase on bovine β-casein and determination of ACE inhibitory activity

The hydrolytic specificity of Aspergillus niger prolyl endoproteinase (An-PEP) on purified β-casein (β-CN) was assessed. This analysis confirmed cleavage at the C-terminal side of Pro residues. An-PEP also had the ability to cleave at the C-terminal side of Ala, Glu, Gly, Ser, Lys and Leu. Incubation of purified β-CN with An-PEP resulted in the generation of highly potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory hydrolysates. The most potent hydrolysate was obtained after 24 h incubation (ACE IC50 = 16.41 ± 6.06 μg/mL). Fourteen β-CN derived C-terminal Pro-containing di-, tri, and tetrapeptides which were predicted in silico to be released following An-PEP hydrolysis or which were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) in the 24 h hydrolysate were synthesised and characterised for their ACE inhibitory activity. The most potent inhibitory peptides were Ile-Gln-Ala (β-CN f187–189) and Val-Glu-Pro (β-CN f116–118) having ACE IC50 values of 32.9 ± 9.2 and 63.7 ± 12.0 μM, respectively. The hydrolysates generated appear to have the most potent ACE IC50 values reported for a food derived hydrolysate to date.