Long-term temporal trends (1992–2008) of imposex status associated with organotin contamination in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus along the Icelandic coast

Using the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus as a biomonitor, we evaluated the organotin contamination along the Icelandic coast over nearly two decades. In 2008, adult dogwhelks collected from 30 locations were examined for imposex status. In 2009, tissue concentrations of six organotin species in dogwhelks from 16 of the 30 locations were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Tributyltin was the most predominant residue ranging from 2.07 to 70.38 μg kg−1 dw, while triphenyltin was also detected at concentrations up to 22.79 μg kg−1 dw. Higher total organotin concentrations and imposex indices were observed at locations near large harbours (Reykjavík and Hafnarfjörður). By comparing the current imposex results with those of previous surveys (1992–2003), we found that recovery was slow near the large harbours, but more apparent near the smaller harbours. We also observed a notable increase in imposex at several northwest sites implying incessant input of organotins.