Title of article :
Spectroscopy of discrete energy levels in ultrasmall metallic grains
Author/Authors :
von Delft، نويسنده , , Jan and Ralph، نويسنده , , D.C.، نويسنده ,
Pages :
113
From page :
61
To page :
173
Abstract :
We review recent experimental and theoretical work on ultrasmall metallic grains, i.e. grains sufficiently small that the conduction electron energy spectrum becomes discrete. The discrete excitation spectrum of an individual grain can be measured by the technique of single-electron tunneling spectroscopy: the spectrum is extracted from the current–voltage characteristics of a single-electron transistor containing the grain as central island. We review experiments studying the influence on the discrete spectrum of superconductivity, nonequilibrium excitations, spin–orbit scattering and ferromagnetism. We also review the theoretical descriptions of these phenomena in ultrasmall grains, which require modifications or extensions of the standard bulk theories to include the effects of level discreteness.
Keywords :
Ultrasmall metallic grains , Superconductivity , Spin–orbit interaction , Ferromagnetic grains , Kondo effect , Nonequilibrium transport
Journal title :
Astroparticle Physics
Record number :
2002528
Link To Document :
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