Removal of dinitrotoluenes in wastewater by sono-activated persulfate

Oxidative degradation of dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) in wastewater was performed using persulfate anions combined with ultrasonic irradiation, wherein a synergistic effect is observed. The batch-wise experiments were carried out to elucidate the influence of various operating parameters on sono-activated persulfate oxidation, including ultrasonic power intensity, persulfate anion concentration, reaction temperature and acidity of wastewater. It is noteworthy that the nitrotoluene contaminants could be almost completely eliminated by virtue of sono-activated persulfate oxidation, wherein sulfate radicals serve as principal oxidants, of which amounts are significantly enhanced via addition of sodium sulfate. Based on the results given by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS), it is postulated that the methyl group of DNTs preliminarily underwent oxidation pathway into dinitrobenzoic acid, followed by decarboxylation to form 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB). In sum, the sono-activated persulfate oxidation is a promising method for treatment of nitrotoluenes in wastewater.