Performance of CCD X-ray detectors in exotic atom experiments

Applications of charge-coupled device (CCD) X-ray detectors in high-background environments at the DA Φ NE electron–positron collider (LNF, Italy), and the π E 5 pion beam line (PSI, Switzerland) are presented. CCD X-ray detectors were for the first time installed at the interaction point of the DA Φ NE electron–positron collider. Kaonic nitrogen and hydrogen experiments were performed using 16 CCDs at LNF. A pionic hydrogen experiment was performed using an array of 6 CCDs together with a crystal spectrometer at PSI. These studies have established the feasibility of CCD applications in exotic atom research.