Non-linear electron photoemission from metals with ultrashort pulses

In this review we describe the development of ultrafast non-linear photoemission spectroscopy on metals from the first historic observations in the sixties to state-of-the-art experiments. We present an account that is focused on electron spectroscopy experiments that use short laser pulses to investigate the non-equilibrium response of electrons in metals. l examples of the application of non-linear spectroscopy to the investigation of many-body effects and highly non-equilibrium processes will be illustrated. Furthermore, we give a brief overview of the wide spectrum of experimental methods based on non-linear photoemission spectroscopy.