The X-HPD: Development of a large spherical hybrid photodetector

The X-HPD concept is a modern implementation of the Dumand and Lake Baikal approach to large area photon detectors, primarily aimed at water based Cherenkov detectors. Our prototype detector consists of an almost spherical vacuum tube of 8-in. diameter with a semi-transparent bialkali photocathode and a LYSO scintillation crystal mounted in the centre of the tube. The scintillation light produced after the impact of a photoelectron which was accelerated to about 20–30 keV energy is detected by a small standard photomultiplier tube. In addition to the attractive characteristics already established with its historic predecessors, namely high gain, large collection efficiency and immunity to the earth magnetic field, the X-HPD concept leads to very high effective quantum efficiency values, an extended viewing angle and a marginal transit time spread. We present recent results obtained with a prototype tube built at CERN and a second full tube under preparation in collaboration with the company Photonis.