Predicting preschool effortful control from toddler temperament and parenting behavior

This longitudinal study assessed whether maternal behavior and emotional tone moderated the relationship between toddler temperament and preschoolerʹs effortful control. Maternal behavior and emotional tone were observed during a parent–child competing demands task when children were 2 years of age. Child temperament was also assessed at 2 years of age, and three temperament groups were formed: inhibited, exuberant, and low reactive. At 4.5 years of age, childrenʹs effortful control was measured from parent-report and observational measures. Results indicated that parental behavior and emotional tone appear to be especially influential on exuberant childrenʹs effortful control development. Exuberant children whose mothers used commands and prohibitive statements with a positive emotional tone were more likely to be rated higher on parent-reported effortful control 2.5 years later. When mothers conveyed redirections and reasoning-explanations in a neutral tone, their exuberant children showed poorer effortful control at 4.5 years.