State capacity and intellectual property regimes: Lessons from South American soybean agriculture

In the 1980ʹs, the U.S. government started a global upward ratchet of intellectual property (IP) protection, demanding countries reform their IP regimes increasing the scope and strength of IP rights. There has been substantial variation across countries and industries in the degree of reproduction of this trend. Based on a comparative-historical analysis of IP regimes in South American soybean agriculture (Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay) from the 1970s to the present, this study shows that: (1) when state capacity in IP and state capacity in agricultural R&D are weak, a restrictive IP regime is likely to emerge; (2) when state capacity in IP is strong but capacity in agricultural R&D is weak, a permissive IP regime is likely to emerge; (3) when state capacity in IP and in agricultural R&D are strong, a restrictive IP regime is likely to emerge.