Micromechanical measurement of active sites on silicon nitride using surface free energy variation

We have investigated chemical reactions between adsorbed water and active sites on a silicon nitride surface as a function of temperature and relative humidity using microcantilevers. Effects that might produce a change in the response of the microcantilever, such as a mass adsorption, surface tension of the adsorbed water, and changes in thermal conductivity, were systematically investigated. It is shown that the judicious choice of experimental conditions could make these effects essentially inconsequential in comparison with the instrument response produced by the change in free surface energy of the microcantilever due to the chemical reactions. Using this method, the variation in free surface energy when changing from dry to high humidity conditions was found and the number of active sites that reacted was estimated. This method may be extended to other problems for use in determining surface free energy change and thus the density of reactant sites under different conditions of interest.