Investigating the causes of wrap-up effects: Evidence from eye movements and E–Z Reader

Wrap-up effects in reading have traditionally been thought to reflect increased processing associated with intra- and inter-clause integration (Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329–354; Rayner, K., Kambe, G., & Duffy, S. A. (2000). The effect of clause wrap-up on eye movements during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A(4), 1061–1080; cf. Hirotani, M., Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (2006). Punctuation and intonation effects on clause and sentence wrap-up: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 425–443). We report an eye-tracking experiment with a strong manipulation of integrative complexity at a critical word that was either sentence-final, ended a comma-marked clause, or was not comma-marked. Although both complexity and punctuation had reliable effects, they did not interact in any eye-movement measure. These results as well as simulations using the E–Z Reader model of eye-movement control (Reichle, E. D., Warren, T., & McConnell, K. (2009). Using E–Z Reader to model the effects of higher-level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 1–20) suggest that traditional accounts of clause wrap-up are incomplete.