Effects of physical stimulation on chondrogenesis in vitro

In cartilage, chondrocytes are embedded in an extracellular matrix composed of water, soluble constituents, and insoluble polymers. The physical stimulation of weight-bearing is known to influence the development, maturation, and degeneration of cartilage. The effects of osmotic and swelling pressure, oxygen tension, and hydrostatic pressure as well as interstitial fluid flow are modulated by compression of the solid cartilage matrix. These physical and physicochemical stimuli may be useful to engineer replacement cartilage. We summarize the effects of these stimuli and propose new methods to apply them. Our novel three-dimensional pressure/perfusion culture system has potential for improving in vitro engineering of autogenous cartilage.