The principle and applications of piezoelectric crystal sensors

The principle, construction, and applications of piezoelectric crystal sensors as universal sensor are reviewed. A historical overview and basic piezoelectric crystal physics as well as design considerations for different sensor system are reviewed. Most of previous reviews were treated with gas phase application, but this review is focused mainly on the liquid phase application, such as monitoring the dynamic microrheology phenomena of liquid crystal, lipid thin films, and electrochemical polymerized polypyrrole film.