Formation and stability of anatase phase of phosphate incorporated and carbon doped titania nanotubes

Phase transformation analysis of the phosphate containing and carbon doped titania nanotubes, prepared by a simple anodization method, reveals complete transformation from amorphous to anatase phase in air between 360 and 400 °C. Activation energies for formation of anatase phase are evaluated and compared for the two types of titania nanotubes. A detailed analysis of the phase transformation characteristics and stability of the anatase phase is reported.