The effect of Cu content on the structure of Ni1−xCuxFe2O4 spinels

A series of Ni1−xCuxFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) spinels were synthesized employing sol–gel combustion method at 400 °C. The decomposition process was monitored by thermal analysis, and the synthesized nanocrystallites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, infra-red and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The decomposition process and ferritization occur simultaneously over the temperature range from 280 °C to 350 °C. TEM indicates the increase of lattice parameter and particle size with the increase of copper content in accordance with the XRD analysis. Cu2+ can enter the cubic spinel phase and occupy preferentially the B-sites within x = 0.3, and redundant copper forms CuO phase separately. A broadening of the O 1s region increases with the increment of copper content compared to pure NiFe2O4, showing different surface oxygen species from the spinel and CuO. Cu2+ substitution favors the occupancy of A-sites by Fe3+.