Dielectric relaxation related to single-ionized oxygen vacancies in (Pb1−xLax)(Zr0.90Ti0.10)1−x/4O3 ceramics

The dielectric relaxation phenomenon has been studied in lanthanum modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics in the high temperature paraelectric phase. The high temperature dielectric response revealed an anomalous behavior, which is characterized by an increase of the real component of the dielectric permittivity with the increase of the temperature. At the same time, a similar behavior, with very high values, has been observed in the imaginary component of the dielectric permittivity, which can be associated with conduction effects related to the conductivity losses. The frequency and temperature behavior of the complex dielectric permittivity has been analyzed considering the semi-empirical complex Cole–Cole equation. The activation energy value, obtained from the Arrhenius’ dependence for the relaxation time, was found to decreases with the increase of the lanthanum concentration and has been associated with single-ionized oxygen vacancies. The short-range hopping of oxygen vacancies is discussed as the main cause of the dielectric relaxation.