Antibacterial activity of extracts from the body wall of Parastichopus parvimensis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

An important component of immediate innate responses of tilapia to stress is the release within minutes of soluble cytokine-like substances into the peripheral circulation. These cytokine-like stress factors bind nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) and produce 3–4-fold increased cytotoxicity. In the present study, the in vivo responses of tilapia NCC following injection with different isolates of intact killed Streptococcus iniae was investigated. Activated cytotoxicity of NCC in the peripheral blood (PB) was produced by increased specific activity of resident cells rather than increased numbers. Tilapia injected intravenously (i.v.) with killed S. iniae produced different cytotoxicity responses compared to fish injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). In the spleen (S) and anterior kidney (AK), there was no correlation between S. iniae isolate and cytotoxicity response at 4, 8 or 24 h following i.p. injection. The NCC response following i.v. injection of killed bacteria was different. Within minutes following i.v. injection, NCC cytotoxicity from the PB increased 100% compared to naı̈ve controls. The existence of subsets of differentiated NCC in the PB was suggested because i.v. injection had no amplification effects on NCC from the AK or S. Likewise, NCC from the PB only appeared to exhibit a degree of antigen specificity.S. iniae strain #173 produced activation of cytotoxicity compared to isolates #164 and ATCC. Evidence for soluble factor (cytokine?) involvement in increased cytotoxicity was obtained by passive activation of NCC with serum from #173 (i.v.) injected fish. Incubation of this serum with control (naı̈ve) NCC produced large increases in the cytotoxicity of labelled HL-60 target cells. Similarly obtained serum from fish injected with ATCC and #164 isolates had no amplification activity. Studies were also performed to study the mechanism(s) of passive activation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that NCC from the S, AK and PB constitutively expressed cytosolic (not membrane) FasL. Stress serum treated NCC obtained from the peripheral blood produced an increase in the expression of FasL, CAS and FADD by Western blot examination. These data indicated that cytokine like factors in the serum of stressed tilapia activate increased NCC cytotoxicity(possibly) by stimulating the expression of proteins involved in activation of programmed cell death.