Energy efficient clustering and routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks: Particle swarm optimization approach

Energy efficient clustering and routing are two well known optimization problems which have been studied widely to extend lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents Linear/Nonlinear Programming (LP/NLP) formulations of these problems followed by two proposed algorithms for the same based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The routing algorithm is developed with an efficient particle encoding scheme and multi-objective fitness function. The clustering algorithm is presented by considering energy conservation of the nodes through load balancing. The proposed algorithms are experimented extensively and the results are compared with the existing algorithms to demonstrate their superiority in terms of network life, energy consumption, dead sensor nodes and delivery of total data packets to the base station.