Two-step pyrolysis of safflower oil cake

The thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of safflower oil cake was studied in a dual reactor system over catalyst; the first reactor containing no catalyst whereas the second reactor containing catalyst to upgrade the thermally cracked products. For comparison, pyrolysis experiments were also carried out in a single reactor system. The aim was to study the effect of catalyst and temperature on the product yields and composition of the bio-oil. The used catalysts are fluid catalytic cracking catalyst, red mud and activated red mud. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out at varying temperatures between 300 and 600 °C in thermal reactor and 300–500 °C in catalytic reactor. Although, the catalysts had no considerable effect on the yield of the pyrolysis product, they affected the bio-oil composition. It was very important observation that the amount of pyrolytic lignin compounds (11.8–27.5 wt%) was significantly lower and extractives (50.0–65.1 wt%) were higher in case of catalytic experiments. The H/Ceff ratio of bio-oils indicated that used catalysts had effective on deoxygenation. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the phenols were the dominant species in all bio-oils and their relative amounts, ranging from 26 to 35 wt%, did not significantly changed with the pyrolysis conditions. The spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst was successfully regenerated to achieve their original activity.