Design and characterization of microstructure evolution during creep of 12% Cr heat resistant steels

12% Cr heat resistant steels with a fine dispersion of nano precipitates were designed supported by thermodynamic modeling. A detailed characterization of the microstructure evolution at different creep times (100 MPa/650 °C/8000 h) was carried out by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The results of the microstructure analysis are correlated with the mechanical properties in order to investigate the influence of different precipitates (especially M23C6) on the creep strength of the alloys. Precipitation of Laves phase and Z-phase was observed after several hours creep time. Very few Z-phase of the type Cr(V,Ta)N nucleating from existing (V,Ta)(C,N) was observed. Both alloys show growth and coarsening of Laves phase, meanwhile the MX carbonitrides present a very slow growth and coarsening rate. Alloys containing Laves phase, MX and M23C6 precipitates show best creep properties.