Reference frame, angular momentum, and porphyroblast rotation

Rotation of small rigid objects in a deforming ductile matrix can produce two different types of microstructure: a shape fabric due to alignment of the principal axes of a population of elongate objects and the inclusion trail microstructure preserved in syntectonic porphyroblasts. We use numerical modeling to show that inclusion trails of elongate porphyroblasts are expected to be extremely complex. In contrast, snowball garnets are readily interpretable. But misuse of reference frame and kinematic misconceptions have obfuscated the discussion on the formation of porphyroblast inclusion trails in general and snowball garnet inclusion trails in particular. We clarify this point. Models for snowball garnet formation that are based on the notion of garnets being irrotational with respect to the earth can be rejected on a geometrical and kinematic basis. Further, the notion that rigid objects embedded in a deforming ductile matrix generally do not rotate is unsound—it violates the fundamental physical law of balance of angular momentum.