Structural geometry of Raplee Ridge monocline and thrust fault imaged using inverse Boundary Element Modeling and ALSM data

We model the Raplee Ridge monocline in southwest Utah, where Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM) topographic data define the geometry of exposed marker layers within this fold. The spatial extent of five surfaces were mapped using the ALSM data, elevations were extracted from the topography, and points on these surfaces were used to infer the underlying fault geometry and remote strain conditions. First, we compare elevations extracted from the ALSM data to the publicly available National Elevation Dataset 10-m DEM (Digital Elevation Model; NED-10) and 30-m DEM (NED-30). While the spatial resolution of the NED datasets was too coarse to locate the surfaces accurately, the elevations extracted at points spaced ∼50 m apart from each mapped surface yield similar values to the ALSM data. Next, we used a Boundary Element Model (BEM) to infer the geometry of the underlying fault and the remote strain tensor that is most consistent with the deformation recorded by strata exposed within the fold. Using a Bayesian sampling method, we assess the uncertainties within, and covariation between, the fault geometric parameters and remote strain tensor inferred using the model. We apply these methods to the Raplee Ridge monocline, and find that the resolution and precision of the ALSM data are unnecessary for inferring the fault geometry and remote strain tensor using our approach. However, the ALSM data were necessary for the mapping of the spatial distribution of surface outcrops. Our models considered two scenarios: one in which fault geometry and remote strains were inferred using a single deformed stratum, and another in which all mapped strata were used in the inversion. Modeled elevations match those observed to within a root-mean-squared error of 16–18 m, and show little bias with position along the fold. Both single- and multilayer inversions image a fault that is broadly constrained to be ∼4.5–14 km in down-dip height, 13–30 km in along-strike width, with a tip-line 2.0–9.5 km below the surface at the time of deformation. Poissonʹs ratio was not well resolved by the inversion. The idealized elastic model is oversimplified when considering the complicated layered nature of this fold, however, it provides a good fit to the observations. Thus, comparable surface displacements may be produced with a variety of rheological models, so independent constraints on factors such as the fault geometry may be required to ascertain the appropriate rheology of the fold.