Exchanges of nutrients and chlorophyll a through two inlets of Ria Formosa, South of Portugal, during coastal upwelling events

The Ria Formosa is a shallow and multi-inlet coastal lagoon system in southern Portugal, with six permanent connections to the Atlantic Ocean. The western sector of Ria Formosa comprises three of the main inlets, Ancمo, Faro-Olhمo and Armona, which contribute ~ 90% of the total tidal prism of the lagoon. Of those three inlets, Ancمo and Faro-Olhمo supply the minimum and maximum contribution for these exchanges, respectively. Four field surveys were conducted at these two inlets during the upwelling season (from spring to autumn) to determine the influence of upwelling process upon the hydrographic characteristics in spring tidal conditions: i) spring 2009 (Ancمo inlet), ii) autumn 2011 (both inlets) and iii) spring 2012 (Faro-Olhمo inlet). Water samples were collected hourly (at three levels), along complete semi-diurnal tidal cycles, to determine chlorophyll a (chl a) and nutrient concentrations. At the same time, the water velocity was measured along the cross section to estimate the tidal prism, nutrients and chl a transports. Ancمo inlet contributes a much lower volume to the total tidal prisms than Faro-Olhمo inlet. The temporal data variability reveals that chl a and nutrient dynamics through these inlets depends not only on the tidal influence and characteristics of the boundary waters, but also on the intensity of the atmospheric and oceanic forcings acting on the adjacent coastal zone. During pulses of coastal upwelling events, more evident in spring season (mainly in April 2009 and May 2012), the two inlets imported chl a and phosphate. In contrast, in the absence of upwelling conditions, due to wind reversals and/or long periods of wind relaxation, both inlets exported nitrate and phosphate, fertilizing the coastal ocean. However, the Ria Formosa is a highly complex hydrodynamic system, and hydrographic temporal differences can be expected at different scales as a result of changes in: i) morphological configuration of the natural inlets, ii) interconnectivity of channels, and iii) the seasonal meteorological and oceanographic conditions.