Author/Authors :
Eeftens، نويسنده , , Marloes and Tsai، نويسنده , , Ming-Yi and Ampe، نويسنده , , Christophe and Anwander، نويسنده , , Bernhard and Beelen، نويسنده , , Rob and Bellander، نويسنده , , Tom and Cesaroni، نويسنده , , Giulia and Cirach، نويسنده , , Marta and Cyrys، نويسنده , , Josef and de Hoogh، نويسنده , , Kees and De Nazelle، نويسنده , , Audrey and de Vocht، نويسنده , , Frank and Declercq، نويسنده , , Christophe and D?del?، نويسنده , , Audrius and Eriksen، نويسنده , , Kirsten and Galassi، نويسنده , , Claudia and Gra?ulevi?ien?، نويسنده , , Regina and Grivas، نويسنده , , Georgios and Heinrich، نويسنده , , Joachim and Hoffmann، نويسنده , , Barbara and Iakovides، نويسنده , , Minas and Ineichen، نويسنده , , Alex and Katsouyanni، نويسنده , , Klea and Korek، نويسنده , , Michal and Kr?mer، نويسنده , , Ursula and Kuhlbusch، نويسنده , , Thomas and Lanki، نويسنده , , Timo and Madsen، نويسنده , , Christian and Meliefste، نويسنده , , Kees and M?lter، نويسنده , , Anna and Mosler، نويسنده , , Gioia and Nieuwenhuijsen، نويسنده , , Mark and Oldenwening، نويسنده , , Marieke and Pennanen، نويسنده , , Arto and Probst-Hensch، نويسنده , , Nicole and Quass، نويسنده , , Ulrich and Raaschou-Nielsen، نويسنده , , Ole and Ranzi، نويسنده , , Andrea and Stephanou، نويسنده , , Euripides and Sugiri، نويسنده , , Dorothee and Udvardy، نويسنده , , Orsolya and Vask?vi، نويسنده , , Eva and Weinmayr، نويسنده , , Gudrun and Brunekreef، نويسنده , , Bert and Hoek، نويسنده , , Gerard، نويسنده ,
Abstract :
The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates relationships between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and health using cohort studies across Europe. This paper analyses the spatial variation of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse concentrations between and within 20 study areas across Europe.
sured NO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance and PM10 between October 2008 and April 2011 using standardized methods. PMcoarse was determined as the difference between PM10 and PM2.5. In each of the twenty study areas, we selected twenty PM monitoring sites to represent the variability in important air quality predictors, including population density, traffic intensity and altitude. Each site was monitored over three 14-day periods spread over a year, using Harvard impactors. Results for each site were averaged after correcting for temporal variation using data obtained from a reference site, which was operated year-round.
ntial concentration differences were observed between and within study areas. Concentrations for all components were higher in Southern Europe than in Western and Northern Europe, but the pattern differed per component with the highest average PM2.5 concentrations found in Turin and the highest PMcoarse in Heraklion. Street/urban background concentration ratios for PMcoarse (mean ratio 1.42) were as large as for PM2.5 absorbance (mean ratio 1.38) and higher than those for PM2.5 (1.14) and PM10 (1.23), documenting the importance of non-tailpipe emissions. Correlations between components varied between areas, but were generally high between NO2 and PM2.5 absorbance (average R2 = 0.80). Correlations between PM2.5 and PMcoarse were lower (average R2 = 0.39). Despite high correlations, concentration ratios between components varied, e.g. the NO2/PM2.5 ratio varied between 0.67 and 3.06.
clusion, substantial variability was found in spatial patterns of PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse. The highly standardized measurement of particle concentrations across Europe will contribute to a consistent assessment of health effects across Europe.
