The cohesive Naranjo debris-flow deposit (10 km3):: A dam breakout flow derived from the Pleistocene debris-avalanche deposit of Nevado de Colima Volcano (México)

Mass movement processes on volcanic terrains such as landslides and debris avalanches can cause the obstruction of main drainages producing the formation of temporary dams. A good example of this occurred 18.5 ka ago when the eastern flank of the Nevado de Colima Volcano collapsed producing a debris-avalanche deposit that was previously described as one of the largest in the world. The deposit extended from the volcanic summit as far as the Pacific coast, 120 km away. New stratigraphic, sedimentological, and componentry data suggest that the volcanic collapse of Nevado de Colima resulted in a debris avalanche that traveled 20 km southeast to the Naranjo River. There it crashed against a topographic barrier consisting of Cretaceous limestones (Cerro la Carbonera) and the flow direction was diverted to the south down the Naranjo River channel for another 25 km before the avalanche came to a halt. The obstruction of the drainage produced a temporary dam that stored ca. 1 km3 of water and deposited fluvial and slack-water sediments. Some time after the damming, the accumulated water-sediment load was able to overtop the obstructing material and to release a breakout flow with a calculated initial flow discharge of 3.5 million m3/s. The resulting flood (cohesive debris flow) followed the channel of the Naranjo River and, due to the high erodibility of the channel and introduction of substrate material, the debris flow progressively increased its volume up to 10 km3, six times its initial volume. This study highlights the relevance of evaluating the potential remobilization of debris-avalanche deposits to initiate large magnitude cohesive debris flows. Therefore, the hazard and risk analysis of future potential events of this nature must consider the pre-eruption conditions and the topography surrounding a volcano.