Measurements and simulation of the M-component current and simultaneous electromagnetic fields at 60 m and 550 m

Simultaneous measurements of the M-component current (surges superimposed on lightning continuing currents) and the corresponding electromagnetic fields at 60 m and 550 m from the lightning channel are analyzed and simulated with a two-wave model. The measured results reveal that the M-component current at the bottom of the channel exhibits a V-shape character with a leading edge of 78 μs and a trailing edge of 194 μs, while the electric field pulses at 60 m and 550 m have trailing edges faster than leading edges. The peak of the M-component current lags behind the electric field peak by tens of microseconds, when the distance increases to 550 m, the disparity of the time shift increases as well. However, the waveshape of the M-component current is similar to that of the magnetic field pulse. The M-component electric fields at 60 m and 550 m are 1.16 kV/m and 0.17 kV/m, respectively, and exhibit a logarithmic distance dependence which implies that the M-component charge density increases with height. Additionally, a two-wave model is used to examine the sensitivity of the predicted electric and magnetic fields to the speed and current reflection coefficient variations of the M-component. The simulated results show that the effects are different for the electric and magnetic fields. The M-component speed essentially controls the electric field, but has little effect on the magnetic field. Larger reflection coefficient results in a larger magnetic field, but a smaller electric field.